SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

Built on research,
Designed for scalable cooling solutions

History of Liquid CO₂: Where did it come from? CO₂ is found in the ground and extracted by gas companies such as Airgas. The CO₂ is then compressed into a pressurized tank, where it becomes a liquid. These tanks can be used directly or transferred into smaller containers, including paintball canisters, bicycle repair kits, and medical coolant units.

Liquid CO₂ Research: The CEO has worked in partnership with the North Dakota State University Research Institute on liquid CO₂ cooling technology for more than a decade. More recently, the team has worked with Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. to assess whether liquid CO₂ heat transfer could achieve cooling temperatures around 42°–48° Fahrenheit. The engineering team concluded this was achievable through its specialized know-how, reflected in confidential schematics demonstrating controlled liquid CO₂ release at targeted coolant temperatures for human use.

Advantages Over Other Individual Devices

  • No outside power needed

  • IMMEDIATE access to cool or cold temperatures

  • Portable and mobile

  • Spray delivery rather than a fan

  • Easy canister replacement

Engineering development

A structured programme from concept to manufacturability.

Back2Cool has pursued formal development with Advanced Cooling Technologies (ACT), drawing on expertise in thermal system design, prototype development, analysis, and manufacturing assessment.

01 / DESIGN & ANALYSIS

Define and optimize

Product requirements, operating conditions, engineering concepts, thermal analysis, and performance optimization.

02 / PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

Build and demonstrate

A functional handheld prototype, prototype spray nozzle, and adjustable cooling capability designed to demonstrate the technology.

03 / PROTOTYPE TESTING

Measure what matters

Evaluation of thermal performance, cooling effectiveness, mechanical functionality, and overall system behavior.

04 / MANUFACTURING ASSESSMENT

Prepare to scale

A review of manufacturability, production methods, cost considerations, product variations, and commercial scalability.

Heat-related illnesses are a leading cause of weather-related deaths, with thousands of fatalities occurring annually in the U.S. and hundreds of thousands worldwide.

U.S. Statistics and Trends

In the United States, heat is the deadliest weather-related hazard, surpassing hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods in annual fatalities (USAFacts, CDC) USAFacts+1. Heat-related deaths have been rising steadily over the past two decades due to more frequent and intense heat waves. For example, heat-related fatalities increased from 297 in 2004 to over 1,600 in 2021, with provisional data showing 1,714 deaths in 2022 USAFacts. From 1999 to 2023, approximately 21,500 Americans died from heat-related causes, with the highest annual toll recorded in 2023 at over 2,300 deaths JAMA Network. Men are disproportionately affected, with higher fatality rates than women USAFacts.

Global Perspective

Globally, heat-related mortality is also significant. Studies estimate that around 489,000 deaths occur annually due to heat, with the highest numbers in Asia (45%) and Europe (36%) World Health Organization (WHO). Extreme heat events, such as the 2003 European heatwave, caused 70,000 deaths, and the 2010 Russian heatwave resulted in 56,000 excess deaths World Health Organization (WHO). Vulnerable populations include older adults, people with chronic diseases, outdoor workers, and those living in urban heat islands World Health Organization (WHO).

Causes and Mechanisms

Heat-related deaths often result from heat stroke, the most severe heat illness, where the body cannot regulate its temperature, leading to organ failure and death if untreated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Other contributing conditions include heat exhaustion, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cerebrovascular disease Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High humidity, prolonged heat exposure, and lack of nighttime cooling exacerbate risks World Health Organization (WHO)+1.

Vulnerable Populations

  • Older adults and people with chronic illnesses are at highest risk USAFacts+1.

  • Young adults and children can also be affected, particularly during extreme heat events USAFacts.

  • Outdoor workers, athletes, and residents in urban heat islands face increased exposure World Health Organization (WHO)+1.

  • Social factors, such as isolation, poverty, and lack of air conditioning, further increase vulnerability World Health Organization (WHO).

Prevention and Public Health Measures

Heat-related deaths are largely preventable through public health interventions:

Conclusion

Heat-related deaths are a growing public health concern, driven by climate change, urbanization, and demographic shifts. In the U.S., thousands die annually, and globally, hundreds of thousands are affected. Awareness, preparedness, and rapid intervention can significantly reduce fatalities and protect vulnerable populations



For investors and partners

Back2Cool is built to move from technical proof to scalable products.

We welcome conversations with investors, engineering partners, manufacturers, and industry collaborators who see the opportunity in practical portable cooling.

Contact the team